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The Role of Procedural Justice in Policing: A Qualitative Assessment of African Americans’ Perceptions and Experiences in a Large U.S. City
- Daniel K. Pryce, Ingrid Phillips Whitaker
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- Journal:
- Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race / Volume 20 / Issue 1 / Spring 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 March 2022, pp. 89-109
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Empirical studies have pointed to the increasing importance of procedural justice as a tool for improving the relationship between the police and local communities. The mediating role of procedural justice continues to be embraced by scholars, practitioners, and community members; as a result, we examine in the present study African Americans’ attitudes toward the police via the interpretive lens of procedural justice policing. Using procedural justice questions found in the social-psychology literature, we interviewed seventy-seven African Americans in Durham, NC, to assess their views about the U.S. police. Our results point to the following for improving the relationship between the police and African Americans: respect for African Americans by police, police fairness in the African American community, and increased and improved interaction between police and African Americans. Notably, these findings spanned three distinct educational and socioeconomic spectrums. The implications of our findings for community relations, public policy, and future research are discussed.
Response of LibertyLink and WideStrike Cotton to Varying Rates of Glufosinate
- Darrin M. Dodds, Christopher L. Main, L. Thomas Barber, Charles Burmester, Guy D. Collins, Keith Edmisten, Daniel O. Stephenson IV, Jared R. Whitaker, Deborah L. Boykin
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 29 / Issue 4 / December 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 665-674
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Field studies were conducted in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee during 2010 and 2011 to determine the effect of glufosinate application rate on LibertyLink and WideStrike cotton. Glufosinate was applied in a single application (three-leaf cotton) or sequential application (three-leaf followed by eight-leaf cotton) at 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 kg ai ha−1. Glufosinate application rate did not affect visual injury or growth parameters measured in LibertyLink cotton. No differences in LibertyLink cotton yield were observed because of glufosinate application rate; however, LibertyLink cotton treated with glufosinate yielded slightly more cotton than the nontreated check. Visual estimates of injury to WideStrike cotton increased with each increase in glufosinate application rate. However, the injury was transient, and by 28 d after the eight-leaf application, no differences in injury were observed. WideStrike cotton growth was adversely affected during the growing season following glufosinate application at rates of 1.2 kg ha−1 and greater; however, cotton height and total nodes were unaffected by glufosinate application rate at the end of the season. WideStrike cotton maturity was delayed, and yields were reduced following glufosinate application at rates of 1.2 kg ha−1 and above. Fiber quality of LibertyLink and WideStrike cotton was unaffected by glufosinate application rate. These data indicate that glufosinate may be applied to WideStrike cotton at rates of 0.6 kg ha−1 without inhibiting cotton growth, development, or yield. Given the lack of injury or yield reduction following glufosinate application to LibertyLink cotton, these cultivars possess robust resistance to glufosinate. Growers are urged to be cautious when increasing glufosinate application rates to increase control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in WideStrike cotton. However, glufosinate application rates may be increased to maximum labeled rates when making applications to LibertyLink cotton without fear of reducing cotton growth, development, or yield.
Contributors
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- By Giustino Albanese, Andrew Amaranto, Brandon H. Backlund, Alexander Baxter, Abraham Berger, Mark Bernstein, Marian E. Betz, Omar Bholat, Suzanne Bigelow, Carl Bonnett, Elizabeth Borock, Christopher B. Colwell, Alasdair Conn, Moira Davenport, David Dreitlein, Aaron Eberhardt, Ugo A. Ezenkwele, Diana Felton, Spiros G. Frangos, John E. Frank, Jonathan S. Gates, Lewis Goldfrank, Pinchas Halpern, Jean Hammel, Kristin E. Harkin, Jason S. Haukoos, E. Parker Hays, Aaron Hexdall, James F. Holmes, Debra Houry, Jennifer Isenhour, Andy Jagoda, John L. Kendall, Erica Kreisman, Nancy Kwon, Eric Legome, Matthew R. Levine, Phillip D. Levy, Charles Little, Marion Machado, Heather Mahoney, Vincent J. Markovchick, Nancy Martin, John Marx, Julie Mayglothling, Ron Medzon, Maurizio A. Miglietta, Elizabeth L. Mitchell, Ernest Moore, Maria E. Moreira, Sassan Naderi, Salvatore Pardo, Sajan Patel, David Peak, Christine Preblick, Niels K. Rathlev, Charles Ray, Phillip L. Rice, Carlo L. Rosen, Peter Rosen, Livia Santiago-Rosado, Tamara A. Scerpella, David Schwartz, Fred Severyn, Kaushal Shah, Lee W. Shockley, Mari Siegel, Matthew Simons, Michael Stern, D. Matthew Sullivan, Carrie D. Tibbles, Knox H. Todd, Shawn Ulrich, Neil Waldman, Kurt Whitaker, Stephen J. Wolf, Daniel Zlogar
- Edited by Eric Legome, Lee W. Shockley
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- Book:
- Trauma
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 16 June 2011, pp ix-xiv
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Rogues' Gallery of Contributing Authors
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- By Ramon Abola, Rishimani Adsumelli, Syed Azim, Tazeen Beg, Helene Benveniste, Louis Chun, Ramtin Cohanim, Dominick Coleman, Joseph Conrad, Tommy Corrado, Jason Daras, Michelle DiGuglielmo, Vedan Djesevic, Andrew Drollinger, Kathleen Dubrow, Brian Durkin, Ralph Epstein, Christopher J. Gallagher, Xiaojun Guo, Sofie Hussain, Ron Jasiewicz, Anna Kogan, Ursula Landman, Rany Makaryus, Daryn Moller, Tate Montgomery, Matthew Neal, Khoa Nguyen, Marco Palmieri, Shaji Poovathor, Eric Posner, Deborah Richman, Andrew Rozbruch, Misako Sakamaki, Joy Schabel, Bharathi Scott, Peggy Seidman, Shiena Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Ellen Steinberg, Neera Tewari, Jane Yi, Jonida Zeqo, Peter Chung, John Denny, Steven H. Ginsberg, Jeremy Grayson, Jonathan Kraidin, Stephen Lemke, Tejal Patel, Salvatore Zisa, Charles Cowles, Marc Rozner, Shawn Banks, Deborah Brauer, Lebron Cooper, V. Samepathi David, Steve Gayer, Steven Gil, Eric A. Harris, Murlikrishna Kannan, Michael C. Lewis, David A. Lindley, Carlos M. Mijares, Sana Nini, Shafeena Nurani, Sujatha Pentakota, Edgar Pierre, Amy Klash Pulido, Michael Rossi, Miguel Santos, Nancy Setzer-Saade, Adam Sewell, Omair H. Toor, Ashish Udeshi, Patricia Wawroski, Lauren C. Berkow, Dan Berkowitz, Ramola Bhambhani, Kerry K. Blaha, Veronica Busso, Adam J. Carinci, Paul J. Christo, R. Blaine Easley, Ralph J. Fuchs, Samuel M. Galvagno, Nishant Gandhi, Andrew Goins, Robert S. Greenberg, Sayeh Hamzehzadeh, Theresa L. Hartsell, Eugenie Heitmiller, Jeremy M. Huff, Brijen L. Joshi, Sapna Kudchadkar, Jennifer K. Lee, Ira Lehrer, Peter Lin, Justin Lockman, Christine L. Mai, Christina Miller, Nanhi Mitter, Gillian Newman, Daniel Nyhan, Lale Odekon, Rabi Panigrahi, Melissa Pant, Alexander Papangelou, Mark Rossberg, Adam Schiavi, Steven J. Schwartz, Deborah A. Schwengel, Brandon M. Togioka, Tina Tran, Emmett Whitaker, Bradford D. Winters, Christopher Wu, Elena J. Holak, Paul S. Pagel
- Edited by Christopher J. Gallagher, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Michael C. Lewis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Deborah A. Schwengel
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- Book:
- Core Clinical Competencies in Anesthesiology
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2010, pp xi-xii
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Percutaneous Transtracheal Ventilation: Resuscitation Bags Do Not Provide Adequate Ventilation
- Edmond A. Hooker, Daniel F. Danzl, Daniel O'Brien, Michael Presley, Ginger Whitaker, M. Keith Sharp
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 21 / Issue 6 / December 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 June 2012, pp. 431-435
- Print publication:
- December 2006
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Introduction:
Percutaneous, transtracheal jet ventilation (percutaneous transtracheal jet ventilation) is an effective way to ventilate both adults and children. However, some authors suggest that a resuscitation bag can be utilized to ventilate through a cannula placed into the trachea.
Hypothesis:Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (percutaneous transtracheal ventilation) through a 14-gauge catheter is ineffective when attempted using a resuscitation bag.
Methods:Eight insufflation methods were studied. A 14-gauge intravenous catheter was attached to an adult resuscitation bag, a pediatric resuscitation bag, wall-source (wall) oxygen, portable-tank oxygen with a regulator, and a jet ventilator (JV) at two flow rates. The resuscitation bags were connected to the 14-gauge catheter using a 7 mm adult endotracheal tube adaptor connected to a 3 cc syringe barrel. The wall and tank oxygen were connected to he 14-gauge catheter using a three-way stopcock. The wall oxygen was tested with the regulator set at 15 liters per minute (LPM) and with the regulator wide open. The tank was tested with the regulator set at 15 and 25 LPM. The JV was connected directly to the 14-gauge catheter using JV tubing supplied by the manufacturer. Flow was measured using an Ohmeda 5420 Volume Monitor. A total of 30 measurements were taken, each during four seconds of insufflation, and the results averaged (milliliters (ml) per second (sec)) for each device.
Results:Flow rates obtained using both resuscitation bags, tank oxygen, and regulated wall oxygen were extremely low (adult 215 ±20 ml/sec; pediatric 195 ±19 ml/sec; tank 358 ±13 ml/sec; wall at 15 l/min 346 ±20 ml/sec). Flow rates of 1,394 ±13 ml were obtained using wall oxygen with the regulator wide open. Using the JV with the regulator set at 50 pounds per square inch (psi), a flow rate of 1,759 ±40 was obtained.These were the only two methods that produced flow rates high enough to provide an adequate tidal volume to an adult.
Conclusions:Resuscitation bags should not be used to ventilate adult patients through a 14-gauge, transtracheal catheter. Jet ventilation is needed when percutaneous transtracheal ventilation is attempted. If jet ventilation is attempted using oxygen supply tubing, it must be connected to an unregulated oxygen source of at least 50 psi.
11 - The Expect Respect project: preventing bullying and sexual harassment in US elementary schools
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- By Barri Rosenbluth, SafePlace, PO Box 19454, Austin, TX 78760, USA, Brosenbluth@austin-safeplace.org, Daniel J. Whitaker, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop K-60, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA, Ellen Sanchez, Safeplace, PO Box 19454, Austin, TX 78760, USA, Linda Anne Valle, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop K-60, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
- Edited by Peter K. Smith, Goldsmiths, University of London, Debra Pepler, York University, Toronto, Ken Rigby, University of South Australia
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- Book:
- Bullying in Schools
- Published online:
- 02 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 21 October 2004, pp 211-234
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Summary
Impetus for the intervention, early stages of planning, and funding
The Expect Respect project was developed by SafePlace, the sole provider of comprehensive sexual and domestic violence prevention and intervention services in Austin, Texas. Since 1989, SafePlace has been providing school-based counselling and support groups for students who have experienced dating, sexual, or domestic violence, and educational programmes in schools for students, parents, and school staff. These services began in response to requests from school counsellors who were aware of young women in physically abusive dating relationships. SafePlace counsellors initiated weekly support groups at several local high schools and middle schools to help abused girls to increase their personal safety, social support, and skills for healthy relationships. Over the years, additional counselling and support-group services were added to respond to the needs of boys and girls in grades K-12 who had experienced dating, sexual, or domestic violence. In an effort to reduce the incidence of dating violence SafePlace began in 1995 to investigate strategies for promoting safe and respectful relationships among younger children, with the intent of raising their expectations and skills for respectful behaviour in future dating relationships.
Discussions with elementary school teachers and counsellors revealed that children as young as 11 years were already engaging in dating behaviours, and that frequently these relationships involved behaviours that could be described as bullying and sexual harassment, including hitting, pushing, unwanted touching, name-calling, and put-downs.
3 - Competition in Romantic Relationships: Do Partners Build Niches?
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- By Steven R. H. Beach, University of Georgia, Daniel Whitaker, University of Georgia, Heather A. O'Mahen, University of Georgia, Deborah Jones, University of Georgia, Abraham Tesser, University of Georgia, Frank D. Fincham, State University of New York at Buffalo
- Edited by Patricia Noller, University of Queensland, Judith A. Feeney, University of Queensland
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- Book:
- Understanding Marriage
- Published online:
- 25 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 26 September 2002, pp 59-84
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Summary
Baumeister and Leary (1995) argue compellingly that human beings have a need to belong, and that this need may be deeply rooted in the experience of homo sapiens in their Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA). For humans, the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness is commonly taken to be the Pleistocene environment in which the overwhelming majority of human evolution is thought to have occurred. The need to belong to a group may, however, be only the most basic of the adaptations that emerged during the EEA for humans. It seems likely that a variety of other social adaptations have developed as well, and that these serve to further the goal of maintaining or optimizing group involvement and pair bonding.
Leary and Downs (1995) note, for example, that evaluative feelings about the self may serve as a social adaptation “that (1) monitors the social environment for cues indicating disapproval, rejection, or exclusion and (2) alerts the individual via negative affective reactions when such cues are detected.” (Leary & Downs, 1995, p. 129). Gilbert (1992) also hypothesizes that mechanisms to enhance smooth functioning within a group or dyadic context may have assumed increasing evolutionary importance as homo sapiens became more oriented to alliances and sharing. Gilbert (1992) highlights the emergence of strategies to gain and control others' attention through coalitions and cooperative activity, rather than exclusive reliance on strategies to attain dominance via threat and aggression.